Pharmacogenomics (PGx), a relatively young research field, which aims at deciphering the relationship between individuals' genetic makeup and medication responses, has yield promising results by allowing the prediction of drug responses and the prevention of ADRs, using patient genetic information ( Carr and Pirmohamed, 2018). With the emergence and development of human genome sequencing technologies and high throughput genetic analysis, it has been established that genetic variants play a role in an individual's response to drugs. Not only intensive care clinicians but also the pharmaceutical industry are seeking predictors to avoid the risk of ADRs, predict response and reduce the costs of pharmaceuticals in the ICU ( Empey, 2010 Patterson et al., 2011). Additionally, the expense of pharmaceuticals in the critical care environment is huge. The incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in ICU is much higher than that in other clinical environments ( Grenouillet-Delacre et al., 2007 Joshua et al., 2009). Despite of these efforts, treatment effectiveness varies among ICU patients. Traditional ICU decision-making strategies for treatments depend on the experience of critical care providers, individual patient characteristics and environmental influences. Therefore, the choice of right medication at the right dose is challenging, but essential, to avoid severe and unexpected toxicities and to ensure therapeutic efficacy. Critical illness combined with preexisting chronic diseases often results in hepatic or renal insufficiency and, as a consequence, alterations in patient body's disposition and response to drugs. The challenge of pharmacotherapy in the ICU is that patients may concurrently receive the medical treatment of multiple sedative-analgesics, antibiotics, antifungal drugs, anticoagulants, antiarrhythmics, and sometimes paralytics as well as medications to inhibit gastric acid secretion. ICU patients are vulnerable and cannot afford the comorbidities due to a drug treatment failure. Pharmacotherapy is a key component of critical care medicine. The critical and complex medical conditions necessitate patients' admission to ICU. Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) often have multiple serious medical conditions.

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